Role and Metabolism of Glycoconjugate Sulfation
نویسنده
چکیده
Membranes of many cell types or cell secretions contain sulfated glycoconjugates with a variety of different structures. The sulfate groups are terminal structures on oligosaccharides and may endow these molecules with special biological effects. Sulfates may mask antigenic or lectin binding sites, they may protect physiologically important compounds from premature degradation, or they may regulate the biosynthesis and biological role of glycoproteins and proteoglycans. Sulfate has been suggested to be heavily involved in binding events which influence diverse functions, such as root nodulation in legumes, lymphocyte homing, cell-cell adhesion and viral replication. Many different sulfotransferases exist in nature; these enzymes synthesize various sulfate esters with great specificity, similar to that of glycosyltransferases. A better understanding of the role of sulfation will follow upon further characterization and cloning of sulfotransferases, together with studies which define their regulation and gene expression. A. Introduction Sulfation of biological compounds was discovered about 1875 with the isolation of phenyl sulfate from the urine of a patient who had been treated with phenol. The mechanism of this biotransformation was clarified with the discovery in 1956 of the donor substrate of sulfation, adenosine 3'-phosphate 5'phosphosulfate (PAPS) (1). PAPS is synthesized in the cytosol and conveyed to sulfation sites in the lumen of the Golgi by a specific transporter (2, 3). Sulfate ester biosynthesis and PAPS biosynthesis depend upon the availability of inorganic sulfate (4-6) which may be limiting in the presence of membrane transport defects or reduced environmental sulfate (7, 8). Changes in the membrane transport of sulfate may influence the degree of sulfation (9). The gene encoding a sulfate transporter has been cloned in plants (10). A deficiency in the enzymes involved in the PAPS biosynthetic pathways (11) may cause defective sulfation and lethal chondrodysplasia (12). In addition, chlorate (13,14) and certain drugs (15) may alter sulfation. Sulfate esters and related sulfoconjugates occur on a 要 約 多 くの型の細胞の膜あるいは細胞の分泌物は、多様な構造 をした硫酸化複合糖質を含んでいる。硫酸基はオリゴ糖につい た末端構造であり、これらの分子に特異的な生物学的効果を付 与すると思われる。硫酸基は抗原性を決める部位やレクチン結 合部位を覆い、生理学的に重要な化合物をその成熟前の分解か ら保護 し、糖タンパク質やプロテオグリカンの生合成や生物学 的役割を調節する。硫酸基は結合反応に深 く関与 し、マメ科植 物での根粒の形成、リンパ球のホーミング、細胞一細胞間の接 着、ウィルスの複製などの多様な機能に影響を与えるていると 示唆されてきた。自然界には多 くの異なる硫酸転移酵素が存在 する。これ らの酵素は、糖転移酵素にみられるのと似た厳密な 特異性で種々の硫酸エステルを合成する。硫酸化の役割のより 良い理解は、硫酸転移酵素のさらなる性質の解明とクローニン グの後に、その調節 と遺伝子発現を明確にする研究によって得 られるであろう。 A.はじめに 生物学的化合物の硫酸化の発見は、フェノールで治療され た患者の尿からフェニル硫酸が単離 された1875年 頃のことであ る。この生体内の物質変化の機構は、硫酸基の供与体である PAPSが1956年 に発見されることにより明 らかにされた (1)。 PAPSは サイ トゾルで合成 され、特異的な輸送体 によりゴルジ 内腔の硫酸化部位 に運ばれる (2、3)。硫酸エステルとPAPSの 生合成は、膜輸送の欠損または環境無機硫酸塩の減少 (7、8)に より制約を受ける、 無機硫酸塩の利用可能度に依存 している (4-6) 。硫酸塩の膜輸送における変化は硫酸化の程度に影響する (9) 。硫酸塩の輸送体 をコー ドする遺伝子が植物でクローン化 さ れた (10) 。PAPS生 合成経路に関与する酵素群の欠損 (11)は、 硫酸化の不全 と致死的な軟骨異形成の原因であるかもしれない (12) 。さらに塩素酸塩 (13、14)とある種の薬剤 (15)は硫酸化 を変化させる。 硫酸エステルと関連 した硫酸化複合糖質は、広い範囲の生 ©1997 FCCA (Forum: Carbohydrates Coming of Age) 379 Trends in Glycoscience and Glycotechnology Vol.9 No.49 (September 1997) pp.379-398 Table I. Sulfated glycoconjugate structures. 380 ©1997 FCCA (Forum: Carbohydrates Coming of Age) Trends in Glycoscience and Glycotechnology Vol.9 No.49 (September 1997) pp.379-398
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